How do I explain in my cover letter why I want to change companies?

Always frame positively — 'moving towards', never 'fleeing from'. Legitimate and convincing reasons for changing: Growth opportunities, new challenges, alignment of the target role, company culture, industry change. What never sounds good: Speaking negatively about the former employer, money as the sole reason (even if it is the main reason), 'new challenges' without specifying which ones. LinkedIn and recruiter surveys: Candidates who clearly and positively explain their desire to change have higher invitation rates. OPM: Clarity of motivation is a quality signal. Example phrasing: 'After X years at [company], I am seeking a position with more [leadership responsibility / international scope / technical depth] — and I find exactly that in the advertised position at your company.' Cedefop: European skilled workers change jobs on average every 4-5 years — changing is normal.