How do I address gaps in my CV?

Honestly and positively — recruiters notice gaps from 3 months onwards. Frame them actively: 'Career reorientation with further training in [field]', 'Parental leave and family phase', 'Care of a family member', 'Health-related break' (without details). Never lie — it will come out in a background check or interview at the latest. Short gaps (1-2 months) don't need to be explained at all.